Treatment with the targeted drug Tagrisso (osimertinib) as an adjuvant therapy (used in addition to primary therapy, such as surgery or chemotherapy) significantly reduces disease recurrence in patients with localized non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and an EGFR gene mutation (alteration).
This information is based on results from a phase 3 clinical trial presented by Roy S. Herbst, MD, PhD, FACP, FASCO, Chief of Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, at the 2020 ASCO annual meeting.
In the phase 3 multinational ADAURA clinical trial, most (90%) of the patients with stage II to stage IIIA NSCLC who received osimertinib were alive 2 years later and had no disease recurrence compared with less than half (44%) of the patients who received placebo. There was an 83% reduction in the risk of disease recurrence or death in patients with stage II to stage IIIA disease who received adjuvant treatment with osimertinib versus placebo, Dr. Herbst said.
The rates of disease recurrence or death after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with
NSCLC is high, and only 5% of patients with early-stage NSCLC survive 5 years.
“Adjuvant osimertinib is the first targeted agent in a global randomized trial to show a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in disease-free survival in patients with stage IB, II, and IIIA EGFR mutation–positive NSCLC,” said Dr. Herbst. “Adjuvant osimertinib provides a highly effective, practice-changing treatment for patients with stage IB, II, and III EGFR mutation–positive NSCLC after complete tumor resection,” he added.
The ADAURA Study
The ADAURA clinical trial randomized 682 patients with primary nonsquamous stage IB and stage IIIA NSCLC and an EGFR mutation to 2 groups—1 group received osimertinib and the other group received placebo, until disease recurrence, with planned treatment for 3 years. Patients who had surgery (resection) to remove the entire tumor, with or without adjuvant chemotherapy, were eligible to participate.
The baseline patient characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. Among all the patients, 31% of patients had stage IB disease and 69% had stage II or IIIA disease. In both groups, more patients were female.
The Independent Data Monitoring Committee for this study had a meeting in April 2020 to discuss the results, and “the results looked so good that they decided that the trial needed to be unblinded,” said Dr. Herbst. “If I were on the committee, I would have done the same thing. These are extraordinary results,” he added.
At the time of unblinding (everyone is aware of the treatment groups), the study had completed enrollment, and all patients were followed for at least 1 year.
In the patients with stage IIA to stage IIIA disease, the average time without disease recurrence was not reached (still no recurrence) in the group that received osimertinib compared with 20.4 months in the patients who received placebo, corresponding to the 83% reduction in risk in the osimertinib group.
Disease-Free Survival Extended
In the overall study population, which included patients with stage IB disease, the risk of disease recurrence was reduced by 79% in the osimertinib group compared with the placebo group. The average disease-free survival was not reached in the osimertinib group compared with an average of 28.1 months in the placebo group.
The results favored osimertinib therapy in terms of length of disease-free survival, regardless of disease stage, receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, and type of EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R mutations), said Dr. Herbst. The data for overall survival were not yet available at the time of this analysis. The average time patients received osimertinib was 22 months.
“This trial is a home run,” said Dr. Herbst. “It’s an important advance to see a targeted therapy significantly delay disease recurrence following surgery in patients with NSCLC. We can now treat patients earlier.”
Side Effects
The side effects with osimertinib were consistent with the known side effects seen with osimertinib in previous studies; this targeted therapy was generally tolerable.
Interstitial lung disease was reported in 3% of the patients who received osimertinib, and corrected QT prolongation (potential heart problems) was reported in 7% of the patients who received osimertinib versus 1% of the patients who received placebo.
ASCO Chief Medical Officer and Executive Vice President Richard L. Schilsky, MD, FACP, FSCT, FASCO, commented on this study during the meeting. “The improvement in disease-free survival seen in this study strongly supports the use of this targeted therapy in earlier-stage disease, which has a significant risk of recurrence despite surgical treatment and chemotherapy,” Dr. Schilsky said.
Key Points
- Osimertinib is the first targeted therapy to show a significant improvement in disease-free survival in patients with early-stage NSCLC and EGFR mutations
- In this clinical trial, the use of adjuvant osimertinib in patients with this type of lung cancer reduced the risk of disease recurrence or death by 83%
- These results mean that patients with early-stage NSCLC and EGFR mutations can now receive early adjuvant treatment with a targeted therapy that prolongs disease-free survival